The United States and Soviet Union nominally followed the principle of mutual deterrence during the Cold War. The principle emerged after the conclusion of the World War II. It was mostly formulated by the analysts of the Rand Corporation (Herman Kahn, Bernard Brodie, Albert Wohlstetter, and others) who contributed toward its development. Apart from the technical conditions (such as the parity in the numbers of weapons and the means of their delivery), the principle of mutual deterrence rested on the assumption of rational behavior of the nuclear adversaries. Rational adversaries will not allow a nuclear confrontation to take place, and if a confrontation does take place, they will keep it within rational bounds. The principle of mutual deterrence suffered from inner inconsistencies and it was surrounded by fierce arguments. The Stanley Kubrick's film Dr. Strangelove represented an example of a successful lay criticism of mutual deterrence. Although philosophically brittle, the principle of mutual deterrence may have aided in the maintenance of nuclear peace.
The Slovak public, politicians and the media often ask why does not Slovakia own a Nobel Prize. Neighboring country of Hungary is generally given as an example to be followed. The paper discusses the citizenship of Nobel prizes in physics, chemistry and physiology - medicine and the rationality of their affiliation. The share of Hungary on Nobel prizes is clarified; examples are given of cases when the Nobel Prize has related to Slovakia. It is shown, that the application of the national principle in the field of Nobel Prizes is marked by imprecision and conflict of interests.
Society development on the basis of education, research and innovation represents the main idea of the modern Europe as well as other parts of the world in the last decade. Knowledge economy is one of the basic developmental theses in all European countries. The recognition process contains two basic categories in the general level: a) education (knowledge transfer among the generations), b) research (new knowledge inquiry, scientific discovery). Generally working system important for the cognitive process is how to obtain (reach) satisfactory results e.g. in the process of education. Psychologists, teachers and other specialists in the field of theory of education have been dealing with the formulation of the aim system in the cognitive process for 50 years. "Taxonomy" has been determined as the expression for the aim system in the cognitive process. Theoretical basis and system of taxonomy in the cognitive process have been developed 50 years ago by B. S. Bloom (1913-1999), Chicago University professor. Taxonomy has been used by many other scientists later. Theory of taxonomy has been completed and developed in many cases by them. Bloom´s taxonomy has been determined as the expression for the taxonomy of the cognitive process. Author of this article developed (and applied) Bloom's taxonomy in the field of physics education. His system has been named "Performance and creative characteristics in the physics teaching".
Science is criticized for ridiculing unorthodox thoughts that might become orthodox after a time when they are accepted as a part of common knowledge. As a matter of fact scientists are aware that they make errors. Therefore in the course of time they developed a suite of tools how to rectify them. One can find examples in the history of astronomy like the transition from geocentric to heliocentric universe, the evolution of cosmology or the recognition of the true nature and origin of meteorites. Errors in contemporary science are, however, caused also by the deliberate frauds that stem from the desire of national or personal fame but also from the pressure to publishing numerous papers or to succeeding in the grant competition. However, corrective mechanisms in science work rather well, namely in natural sciences where scientists meet the opponent - Mother Nature that respects fair play.
Naturalism as the main rule of the scientific research is critically analysed. It is shown that reductionism as the main tool of methodological naturalism failed both in physics and mathematics. By searching for the smaller and smaller constituents of matter it has brought us to consider vacuum of which we know almost nothing to be the main source of nature in form of matter, energy, space and time. On the other hand the more complex systems cannot be constructed from its components without additional knowledge coming from the higher systems. In mathematics the quest for the consistent and complete mathematical system brought us to the knowledge that such system cannot exist. If the system is intrinsically consistent it cannot be complete and always there exists something that is true but was left out. Thus methodological naturalism by definition cuts itself off from knowing the full truth. This fact is authorising the existence and method of Biblical theology in search of reality. Reality, which overpasses man and at the same time existentionally overlaps him and penetrates him. In that sense complementarity between the both approaches, of science and of theology is shown to be relevant in terms of epistemology.
The law of increasing entropy is the most general law of the development of systems. According to this law, every system that internally improves itself, releases into the environment an increased quantity of positive entropy. This results into an increased devastation of the environment. How should this problem be fought against? It cannot be avoided, only minimization of its effects has to be strived for. The question to be answered is: how can this process be supported by physics. The existence of several ways is shown: a) search for less damaging energy sources (alternative sources orientation, thermonuclear synthesis, mater annihilation etc.), b) process optimization from the perspective of entropy production and c) employee structure optimization aimed at avoiding the collapse of companies. All these problems will be given proper attention in the paper.
The permament problem to be resolved at the Catholic Universities is a dialog between the faith and reason. It is ethical obligation. This way the complexed culture is being created without any narrow attitude in relation to science or believe. The conflicts of the past between the faith and reason did not come because of the faith principles but because of theological theories which are not unchangable. But proclaimed as such can become a problem for the scientists who pretend to be final judges. Both theologians and scientists need humility.
The technical civilization pushing back the natural world furthest confirming in self-understanding of man modern draft homo rationale. For protection of living nature the biocentrical ecological ethics revive naturalistic access: human nature - physis, starting to be an argument in reasoning the ethical relationship to animals and nature. Certain type of contemporary discussions presents the polemics of stoics and epicureans: is it physis the base of human, and also his ethos, logos (stoics), or it is especially hédoné (epicureans)? In technical civilization the mind got the better of sensibility and compassion. The human mind became to be an argument excusing inhumanity in relation to animals (Singer), but also in relationship to humans (Kaplan).
The presented paper deals with the possibilities of the interconnection of knowledge and power. The aim of the paper is to point out the perception of power in the discourse of modernism. Here, the interconnection of knowledge and power is shown, which in the modernist understanding shifts into totality. Totality is an experiment, which finds its correction in the so called postmodernism, which sees power as archeological, pluralistic and even rhizomatic. In these offered dimensions the paper attempts to find perspectives for further definition of the limits of science.
Philosophy as the love of wisdom of mind is on the way to science. Philosophy as the love of wisdom of heart is on the way from science. The way of philosophy to science and from science is the same.
The paper examines the intention of Aristotle´s Metaphysics and its relation to the contextualisation of wisdom (sofia) and theoretical life (bios theoretikos) within his Nicomachean Ethics. We focus on those determinations of aristotelian Primary philosophy which are nowadays understood as "metaphysical" (finality of science, science for its own sake, Prime mover) as well as those which might be accepted as the root of empirical scientific attitude towards reality (the quest towards separate Entity, reality itself). We attempt to explain the role of the Prime mover from Aristotle´s concept of energeia, reality as an act of becoming itself, definite, real. Such concept of reality shows that Prime mover is not an anthropomorphous metaphysical projection but a term expressing the act of being of the real itself. Metaphysics is thus a theorein, thinking in act, which is a correlate of the desire to know. Desire to know is a desire for truly human life. These beliefs express the motivation of Aristotle´s Metaphysics and at the same time propose a criteria for ethical self-reflection of scientits´ motivation and his understanding of the metaphysical difference of an ethically and phyically oriented interpretation of the reality.
The article is a criticism of Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions and his notion of paradigm. Further, it seeks to propose Popper's critical rationalism as a fundamental conception of the philosophy of scienece. To adop Kuhn's philosophy of science would imply accepting gnoseologic multicentrism, which for science per se is unacceptable. On the contrary, the philosophy does not need a paradigm. Either we classify it as a protoscience, the cradle of knowledge in its pre- paradigmatic stage, or as a knowledge that is the basis of all forms of knowledge strugling to ontologically demarcate new notions. Not only is Kuhn's philosophy epistemically unacceptable, but its implications in the form of relativism can be dangerous to knowledge as well. Popper's demarcation criterion and theory of science are consistent and have a great explanatory power and epistemic value. We create hypotheses in order to learn something, and learn by criticising them.
This Paper attempts to consider the probability of extinction of the current mankind during the next 100 years, taking into account external as well as internal risk factors. Basic conclusions are drawn related to individual and collective dimension of human behaviour and decision-making following the defining and describing these factors in brief. What follows in respect thereof at the moment is the belief that survival of the mankind depends greatly on capability of the mankind to change radically its behaviour in an extremely short time and make a step forward towards some entirely new so far literally unprecedented, but also especially interesting evolution trajectories. Not to be exempted at all is even a probability that the human bio-psycho-sociocultural nature and social form of motion of the matter might be subject to substantial changes by being replaced with an entirely new supersocial form of motion of the matter and its structural elements, laws of motion and evolution destinies.
Focus on the essence of nature and ethics should reveal the adequacy of their relationship, which appear today in ecological ethics, environmental ethics and bioethics. Our starting point represent Aristotle concept of the right logos, which demonstrate a direct relationship between man and thing. This relationship is crucial for our consideration. Then brings us to phenomenology, which formal sense formulated Heidegger in accordance with Aristotle true logos. Therefore, we think about essence of nature from the position of czech philosopher Zdenek Kratochvíl and his work "Philosophy of living nature," which follows the requirement of adequate human relationship. This requirement does not come from man, but by nature. Essence of ethics is open through reflection about the origin issues "What should I do", which originally is a particular absence of a moral concept in our lives. The difference in how nature and ethics gives to man, mean that the use of moral categories in relation to nature, mean to use ethics as a mere instrument.
The free will is one of the most interesting phenomena in nature. The main aim of this article is to recall that one can investigate the free will in experiments. The famous Libet's experiment is reviewed, and the free will is analyzed from the viewpoints of objectivity, causality, and quantum determinism as the most fundamental concepts in physics. Anything guided by these concepts of objectiveness, causality, and determinism is indistinguishable in its manifestation from the manifestations of matter. Therefore, if the conscious free will can be reduced to nothing more than a manifestation of matter as described by physics, it becomes a mere illusion. This is because the most crucial moment of any conscious decision is not more than a random process - a quantum-deterministic result of initial conditions. If, on the other hand, the conscious free will is not an illusion, its successful description will require negation of at least one of the fundamental concepts of objectivity, causality, or quantum determinism.
My aim is to present Gaia theory as a phenomenon. I show how it has been reflected by several authors. As my starting point I choose the Gaia theory rejected in the period of its origin formulated by James Lovelock (*1919) as a hypothesis: "the Earth is alive", later in a softer form "the Earth is as if it were alive". Gaia is for those who go for a walk, on the other hand, the science has bigger ambition as Markoš (2008) states, who nonetheless acknowledges Lovelock as a scientist and assigns him a role of a visionary. According to Lužný, Lovelock with his Gaia theory belongs to the second New Age group as a new paradigmatist. As James Lovelock himself states in his most recent book: "The Revenge of Gaia: Why the Earth is Fighting Back - and How we Can Still Save Humanity" Gaia is a period in the history of understanding world. I focus separately on a concept resulting from the mythological understanding of Gaia as Mother Earth using methodology ranging from environmental psychology (ORT) to the reciprocity principle of David Abram.
Science advancement, its advancement of perception, cognition and projection of world systems from the extent "from 106 to 10?6" into the extent "from 109 to 10?9" accelerates the inevitability of trans-disciplinary socio-synergetical information flow. Science progress by the prism of socio-information and partial scientific information is already historically overcome even though is not historically exhausted. Formation of system-entire science as being universal paradigm on continuity of self-steering synergistic, biosynergistic and sociosynergistic world systems, self-steering systematism of a society and bridging phenomenon psychosynergy is the challenge of era. Sociosynergetical philosophy is being an epistemological-methodological resource of such science.
The aim of the paper is reflection of values in science and scientific research. The author tries to highlight the need for the implementation of moral values in science that would naturally complement the epistemic and cultural values in science. Every research has not only its methodological and technical limits, but also should have ethical limits. That is why it requires constant reflection and critical evaluation. The evaluation is kind of social process, which must consider the benefits, shortcomings and risks (by their confrontation with other values), which are related to the implementation of new technologies and knowledge. The author as non-utilitarianistic consequentialist refuses universalisation of moral standards and principialism in morality. The main criterion for performance evaluation of scientific research activities (including assessment of their impact and consequences), are not (legal or moral) rules, but the moral values and their benefit or harm for life. The emphasis is placed on moral values, especially on responsibility, human life, dignity and humanity. This kind of moral evaluation respects the situational context.
Kamma is a notion which has a key position in the philosophical-ethical concept of Buddhism and discloses many of the relevant premises, theses and standpoints of this system of thought. The paper aims at its interpretation; the analogy is offered in the form of the causal law (the physical law of action and reaction) based on the fact that certain amount of released energy causes some consequential effect. Before that, the paper examines three basic roots of kamma which give the action either positive or negative quality. Thus it also focuses on the ethical aspect of action in the intentions of Buddhism. It also tackles the issues of incarnation, dependent origin and Buddhist temporality and refers to the limits of the kammic duration, i.e. as the acts are finite, the results of them are finite, too.
The submitted paper "Ma??ala and Yantra in Indian Tradition and their Addition for Contemporary Science" deals with some problems connected with Indian sacred figures, which are called ma??alas and yantras. In this article author describes the main differences between mandala and yantra and explore some topics which are useful for understanding the chosen problematic. The author is also trying to elucidate the addition of these Indian icons, which grow up from ancient times, for contemporary science and research. On the basis of these informations, author of this article, proceed to explain some important topic, according to Indian idea of multidimensional being. He hope that this article will contribute to understanding of the ma??ala and yantra in the Indian religion and cultural tradition.
In this article the author deals with the oldest ancient Egyptian concept of the creation of the world, known as Iunu cosmogony. Amongst the number of the ancient Egyptian versions of the creation of the world, which were part of the local traditions, a few were the most influential. These cosmogonic conceptions were a part of the religiously - philosophical concepts with the relevant mythological background of the most significant cultural centres of the country. These are mainly the cosmogonies and theologies of the three religious centres: the town of Iunu (gr. Heliopolis), Chemen (gr. Hermopolis) and Mennefer (gr. Memphis). By its far-reaching influence (developing of the original motives of the creation) on the later ancient Egyptian cosmogonies (Memphis theology, Later Theban cosmogony), the cosmogony of the town of Iunu, which dominated already in the oldest time of the ancient Egypt, in the periods of The Old Kingdom (around 2700-2180 BC), plays the key role.
In the direct comparison of the inflationary model of the universe and creationist ideas, several limitations have to be taken into account. First of all, it is the language they use. Secondly it is the limiting role of the Planck time as physical cosmology simply cannot describe anything using it. This cosmology is competent only to give answers until a certain time. The ideas of religions, creationist or not, can be perceived as an amendment, which directly transgresses the possibilities of theoretical cosmology in the present paradigm. Cosmology, which in this matter offers openness and although with its knowledge very compatible with the creationist model, it does not suggest a definitive and final conclusion. The right to individual conviction follows from this, while fundamentalist positions are on the grounds of this out of question in regard of the current cosmological paradigm.
Within the presented issue, it is, in my opinion, important to define basic terms of the issue such as aggression and aggressiveness. Starting from the base word ad grady, as E. Fromm defines in his book (Prague, 2004) as a step, I define aggression as the mental strength of man, ethically neutral, whose task is to move the body. In my opinion it is not possible to say unequivocally whether this movement is positive or negative a priori, but it definitely depends on the human personality, the uniqueness of situation in which he is, on the current mental and physical condition, as well as on many other factors. It is a given, which is to be adopted and accepted as part of a man in his entirety. This moment is significant in my view; it is not possible to entrain one component of the life process of the individual and try to suppress it. Then it may happen that it takes the destructive framework and we can talk about the harmfulness of aggression, resulting in the action of man. The individual then grasps the situation, in which he occurs often in socially unsustainable manner. It is very difficult to say how a man as part of the whole would behave, if one could travel in time, meet other civilizations, or interfere in his own past.
The authors of this document look inside the phenomenon of cryonics, a mean of low-temperature preservation of dead human beings in order to bring them back to life again using new biotechnologies in the future. They regard cryonics as a new kind of belief in human immortality, based on a strong faith in unlimited scientific development. Cryonics misses the spiritual aspect, the principle of human immortality in all the known religions. Cryonics has small, if any, chances to succeed and therefore is very questionable in the aspect of ethics.
Based on the notion that justice, as a requirement to give every man his due is directly associated with the general idea of right, the present article seeks to point out causal relationship of law and justice. Our view is focused on two fundamental and opposing views in understanding the law, theory of natural law, which claims that rights exist objectively, independently of human will, whether individual or collective and legal positivism, which principal claims is that laws, and therefore individual rights, are rules made, whether deliberately or unintentionally, by human beings.
Processes in nature and human society are governed by their laws. Compliance of law leads to the goal, while non-compliance of law, or its misinterpretation, leads ultimately to collapse. The basic laws of nature are the laws of physics. Symbolic illustration may be a physically wrong communist law of conflict of opposites and the fall of socialism, as well as the marginal position of the so called green parties in spectrum of political parties in democratic countries.
A typical symbol of a contemporary society is a contempt to regulations, especially to moral norms in job. In order to there are were take a few precautions: ethics codex, education activities in firms, but they not brought any significant changes. The goal of this contribution is bring a part of an answer a question: Why does a man act according to job moral norms when he is a totality in all time his live, when he is a person which value system is form? There are explain different aspects the answer of the question. The universal aspect is in misunderstanding fact, that just the knowledge of the regulations is not enough implement to the reality. The special aspects are in psychologie and culture, in a grade of moral development of personality and in symbols in education, in a dimenzion of culture which are specific in every society.
The presented paper stresses the axiological aspect, specifically, the interconnection between the so called "inner world" of the human being and the "outer world" which can be perceived as objective. Value is an exceptionally broad term and encompasses both areas. It is important to realise the difference between the particular value types, for which different research criteria have to be applied. Values are primarily qualities, which can exist at certain levels. The highest level, the so called, tertiary qualities are represented by moral values. The aim of the paper is to point out the subject-object axiological relatedness as well as to map the area of not only "objective" values but also of those, which may manifest themselves as mental concepts, and thus conceptual values or values which are thought of. The creation or discovery of values is linked to the cognition process as well as the valuation process. It is this process that is bound by the requirement to decide in the spirit of moral self-control.
In an integrative conception of the personal in its ontological, existentional dimension we accept and reflect spiritual, moral and intellectual aspect. The phenomenon rflecttionc of sapience and morality plays in this processual reflection a dominant position. In the complementary relationship we analyze their functionality in a pedagocal reflection. Integrative wisdom, morality and the good represent the fundamental paradigmatic posture, where we are able to create the process of plainning of cultivation of a human person in comtemporary reality. Every actions and striving of a human being leads up to "humanitas"- to real "dignified and noble humanity". Humanitas is replenised by the Highest and Absolute, by what goes beyond and surpasses a human being, what represent the relation essence towards "Universum".
The script-writer analyse a question teaching physics on central school-houses. For this reason was analysed results research oriented to identification to present mind and opinion students and teachers to teaching physics. Results research was accomplished through the list of questions making in two form, individual for schoolchildren and for teachers. Selection people were created schoolchildren 2 type of central nursery: gymnasium, middle trade school. Questional paper space students of those department, in which the myself skilled physics least 1 year. In to the pedagogical experiment was connection 260 the students' a 43 teachers of physics. At interpretation results research was writer oriented to interpretation question, where schoolchildren answer to: favour in physics, problems by solution physics tasks, understanding contrast between theory and praxis, application computer techniques and the other educational instrument within teaching physics.
Is it ethical, that professionals in healthcare process use technologies created by professionals without being continually trained? Is it possible to suppose, that technique is solely progressive element in healthcare for patients? Here is the platform to fulfill postulates of medical ethics.
Remarkable development of modern medicine and healthcare brings also new ethical problems, resulting from new possibilities of diagnostic as well as therapeutic methods (and their risks), exceptional benefits of new equipment, biotechnology and nanotechnology. Another problem is caused by increasing gap between possibilities which can modern medicine offer thank accelerated technical progress - and limited economic space.
The article continues by the discussion of the general holistic ethics (HE). We focus on the betterment of the public behavior according to HE. Holistic ethics builds on biological, neurological and other sciences, which resurrect moral individuals. The main aim of experimental ethics is the betterment of the behavior according to the criticism of its ethical and evaluation processes. According to holistic ethics, public behavior has to be open to and accessible by every citizen. Moreover, ethics has to be designed in accordance with neurology and biology of moral agents. Although we know that in this region democracy still has some problems, the European Union is making a lot of progress in this regard. At first we analyze holistic ethics generally, then we use the results to make comments to chosen common critical questions/problems according to HE:
A) serious deficiencies in common Christian and secular ethics (in comparison to HE),
B) firms destroying the ecology and harm the indigenous inhabitants without any criticism on the part of governments and citizens,
C) deaths of the civilians in Afghanistan,
D) scandals related to pedophilia among catholic priests and behavior of bishops,
E) the method of the decision of the prime minister Tony Blaire to participate in the second war in Iraq.
The paper explores relationship between city public open spaces and the ethics. A citizen or a visitor creates its individual relationship with a city through discovery of its public open spaces. Urban areas have particular purpose, they are created in a characteristic way and they carry a moral message. The author seeks to find moral attitudes in creating and shaping of new public open spaces and highlights the importance of Ethics in the process.
The paper deals with the status and perceptions of women and men in physical education and research. Persist still conviction on the unsuitability, respectively women's inability to cope the technical discipline. Surroundings give each sex unique properties and behavior. It is not very tolerant to change. These properties are not conditioned biologically, but are shaped by culture and society.
The term hydrosolidarity has been for a relatively long time appearing in the public and its practical realisation is inspired by the difficult situation in the distribution of sufficient quantities of hygienically satisfactory water in the countries with insufficient sources of water, mainly in Africa and Asia. This need has found its reflection in the declaration of the United Nations (UN), which has defined the right to water as a human right and water itself as a public commodity. It follows that everyone is entitled to "sufficient, affordable, physically accessible, safe and acceptable water for personal and domestic uses." (United Nations Department of Public Information, DPI/2293F, February 2003). Analysis described in this paper aims at evaluating, whether there are factual possibilities for the realisation of the appeal of this declaration and thus whether there is enough water on the Earth for its sharing and thus whether there exists sufficient quantities to be shared in the context of the realisation of the policy of hydrosolidarity.
The article deals with questions of environmentalism, technics, nature and evolution, particularly in relation to Czech philosophical thought. It concentrates on outstanding exponent of the 20th century philosophy of nature, Josef Velenovský.
The contribution is devoted to analysis of media ethics. Specify its position in applied ethics, and also shows the relationship between ethics of media, ethics of journalism and technology ethics. It discusses the concept of media and focuses on several aspects of media ethics, which deals with risk, speed, active parties and multimedia.
The invention of mechanical printing from J. Gutenbergera, discovery of radio waves to transmit at a distance on the knowledge of M. Faraday, J. C. Maxwell and H. R. Hertz or method of electronic capture of Isaac Shoenberga. Today, forget the sense of discovery, which operates print, radio and TV. Media carriers are increasingly exploiting the action of evil. Mass media in recent years become a force for the implementation of economic and political interests of media owners. Owners need to apply in the popular tabloid media in any conflict with the boundaries of decency, ethics, morality and law. The local and regional media through the evil of monopolies become a global scourge that has effects on cultural and social welfare of mankind.
Technique is probably along the natural world and the particular social world, which is crucial in the so-called second nature in a world of artificial human creations. This is a reflection of the art technique in terms of dimension, which positively or negatively affect the environment. How is moving towards this as destroying the environment. To what extent is the result of rate changes can be expected technique and technology. The effort should be developing less polluting technology. Reflection techniques of environmental perspective is one component of research and reflection complex issues of human relationship to nature. The aim is to attempt to formulate environmental and ethical requirements of the technique. In order to be able to try the formulation already mentioned, it is necessary first to analyze the hitherto reflection technique. The most important conclusion is the finding that the dimension of technique must always be considered in the context of human society, its organization and its economic system.
During 2008 - 2010 growth measurements of five Salix vinimalis clones were carried out in the University experimental plantation in Kolíňany. The aim of the experiment was the selection of Swedish clones based on their physiological and morphological parameters. The growth and morphological characteristics, which characterize the fast-growing clones Sven, Inger, Tora, Tord and Gudrun were evaluated in Central European growing conditions in. Measuring pave the way toward the selection of clones based on their experimental characteristics. Their morphological and physiological parameters can be considered as the basis for future experiments with the fast-growing trees at the theoretical (economic) as well as practical (energy) levels.
The work evaluated the energy yield of crop residues of wheat clones Astella and Griffen. Varieties showed a relatively high energy value. However, samples obtained from several collections show small variations of generic energy. The differences in energy yield is also reflected in the tissues of wheat plant. Leaves showed a higher energy yield than the main stems. Obtained gross calorific values confirm that the conversion of energy in individual samplings varies and is variable even in different tissues of wheat. Energy use efficiency of heat of combustion is governed by physiological conditions, as well as purity and percentage moisture content of the plant. Calculation of the gross calorific value and the calorific value of the biological material of plant origin and subsequent evaluation of the energy-accumulating potential of biomass accumulation of selected varieties of wheat confirmed the hypothesis supporting the use of crop residues for energy production. The paper summarizes data from experimental measurements of vegetable crop residues (gross calorific value, calorific value, moisture and energy recovery). The methods used for the measurements are in accordance with standard Slovak norms STN (NORMSERVIS, 2010), according to which the calculated values were subsequently converted to other units (pm, rm, kWh).
Author of the report responds on description of facts reflecting actual state of society and science, high-technical human enviroment and unreversable threats for mankind. She presents three sections of applied ethics: ethics of science, research and technics and hereby approaches the subject, meaning of activity and the specific need to present their results in front of scientific-experimental community as well as in front of general public. Author aims to interconnection of scientific, experimental and technical domain with ethics and possibility to bring ethical conscience in a concrete sphere.
The considerations concerning the current status of science, research, and their utilization in technology, we need to emphasize specific importance of the concept of responsibility. Responsibility is a major category of ethical thought and ethical normative system, which exceeds into the field of science, research and effective implementation of their findings throuhg the wide range of various technologies. Ethics based on responsibility, which is trying to correct the functioning of science, research, technology and technologies by normative way refers to the fundamental question. On what value basis should be built a relationship between science and ethics, in the context of the discussion, that long-term deals with the problem of rationality in science and research? To solve this problem, I would like to point out through the implementation of ethical responsibility within the realm of science, research and the possibilities of their technological applications.
In our paper we refer to selected ethical problems in qualitative research in the frame of social sciences. We briefly charakterize basic differences between qualitative and quantitative approach in reseach without analyzing the complexity of possibilities of their integration or complementarity. We do not concentrate on the evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses, but we outline philosophical sources of these approaches. In the relation to the differentiation between qualitative and quantitative reseach approach, we outline some problem areas within qualitative approach from the point of view of ethics in social sciences, while we specify those ethical aspects which are relevant and discussed in the conditions of research in Slovakia. Giving the example of market values and basic, applied, and target research, we point out some of the problems in the practice of current research within social sciences in Slovakia.